[An evaluation of teacher training to promote healthy and equitable relationships: transforming or reproducing?] / Evaluación de la formación a profesorado para promover relaciones saludables y equitativas: ¿transformar o reproducir?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the training on teacher capacity to implement Posem el Focus, a socio-educational intervention adapted from Lights4Violence to prevent the gender-based violence during adolescence. METHOD: Evaluation study of a training using qualitative methodology in Terrassa, 2019-2021. The socio-constructionist perspective was used to understand the impact of teacher training and its translation into educational practice. A purposive sampling of teachers (n=32) was carried out. A descriptive-interpretative analysis of the discourses was carried out based on the written productions of the participants in the training and their answers to some open questions. An explanatory theoretical framework was developed. RESULTS: Teachers reported acquiring concepts, developing new skills and modifying some attitudes. Teachers stated theoretical understanding of the sex-gender system, intersectionality and explicit and implicit violence. However, they reproduced gender stereotypes, did not understand the inclusive approach and pointed out not identifying implicit violence. Teachers perceived the training as useful and felt empowered to implement the intervention. No differences were identified in discursive production with respect to gender or age. CONCLUSIONS: Teacher training ensures minimum knowledge and facilitates the acquisition of some skills, although it does not achieve in-depth changes in attitudes. It is concluded that the training enables teachers to implement Posem el Focus, although it is recommended that it be reformulated.

A qualitative exploration of patient safety in a hospital setting in Spain: Policy and practice recommendations on patients' and companions' participation.

INTRODUCTION: Patients' and companions' participation in healthcare could help prevent adverse events, which are a significant cause of disease and disability. Before designing interventions to increase participation, it is first necessary to identify attitudes to patient safety. This study aimed to explore patients' and companions' perceptions, attitudes and experiences of patient safety, taking into account contextual factors, such as cultural background, which are not usually captured in the literature. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study with a theoretical sampling of 13 inpatients and 3 companions in a university hospital in Barcelona, Spain. Information was obtained from individual and triangular interviews. A descriptive thematic content analysis was conducted by four analysts and a consensus was reached within the research team on the key categories that were identified. We also conducted a card-sorting exercise. RESULTS: All informants emphasized the role of good communication with health professionals, a calm environment and the need for patient education. Discursive positions differed by cultural background. Informants from a Pakistani-Bangladeshi background emphasized language barriers, while those from European and Latin-American backgrounds stressed health professionals' lack of time and the need for more interdisciplinary teamwork. The card-sorting exercise identified several opportunities to enhance participation: checking patient identification and medication dispensation, and maintaining personal and environmental hygiene. CONCLUSION: This exploration of informants' discourse on patient safety identified a wide variety of categories not usually considered from institutional perspectives. The findings of this study could enrich interventions in areas with diverse cultural backgrounds, as well as current frameworks based exclusively on institutional perspectives. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The results of the study were communicated to patients and accompanying persons via telephone or email. Similarly, a focus group was held with a patient forum to comment on the results. In the design of subsequent interventions to improve patient safety at the hospital, the proposals of patients and companions for their participation will be included together with healthcare professionals' opinions.

Healthy and Equitable Interpersonal Relationships, Health Inequalities and Socio-Educational Interventions: A Conceptual Framework for Action.

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal relationships undoubtedly have a bidirectional connection with the health of individuals and communities. Relational models based on equity contribute to well-being, while asymmetrical relationships based on hierarchies and differences of power negatively impact mental, physical, and social health. METHODS: A conceptual framework for understanding the determinants of interpersonal relational models was developed. RESULTS: Structural determinants were identified as the combined action of systems of oppression, the socio-historical context that normalizes violence, and social stratification and segregation, consequences which included inequitable access to power, resources, and opportunities. Intermediate determinants include individual, psychosocial, behavioral, and community aspects. Structural and intermediate determinants impact health and health inequalities through multiple relational patterns that are simultaneously established and sustained by individuals and communities. The health impact of inequitable relational patterns includes: Reduced self-esteem; anxiety, stress, and depression; acceptance of violence; physical and sexual harm; suicide; and murder. CONCLUSIONS: This conceptual framework allows for the modification of relational models by influencing structural and intermediate determinants. Six areas of intervention have been identified: educative policies, school governance, physical and symbolic space, school curriculum, school-community relations, and socio-educative interventions to promote healthy and equitable relationships. Healthy and equitable relationships are associated with improved subjective well-being, health status and protection from violence. Socio-educational interventions that consider the elements of this conceptual framework may be effective in promoting healthy and equitable relational models.

Evaluación de la formación a profesorado para promover relaciones saludables y equitativas: ¿transformar o reproducir? / An evaluation of teacher training to promote healthy and equitable relationships: transforming or reproducing?

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la formación en la capacitación del profesorado para implementar Posem el Focus, una intervención socioeducativa adaptada de Lights4Violence para prevenir la violencia de género durante la adolescencia. Método: Estudio de evaluación de una formación mediante metodología cualitativa en Terrassa en 2019-2021. La perspectiva socioconstruccionista permitió comprender su impacto en el profesorado y su traslación en la praxis educativa. Se realizó un muestreo intencional del profesorado (n = 32). El análisis de los discursos fue descriptivo-interpretativo partiendo de las producciones escritas de los participantes en la formación y su respuesta a algunas preguntas abiertas. Se desarrolló un marco teórico explicativo. Resultados: El profesorado refirió adquirir conceptos, desarrollar nuevas habilidades y modificar algunas actitudes. Señaló la comprensión teórica del sistema sexo-género, la interseccionalidad y las violencias explícitas e implícitas. Sin embargo, reprodujo estereotipos de género, no comprendió el abordaje inclusivo y apuntó no identificar violencias implícitas. El profesorado percibió como útil la formación y se sintió capacitado para implementar la intervención. No se identificaron diferencias en la producción discursiva respecto a género o edad.ConclusionesLa formación al profesorado asegura los conocimientos mínimos y facilita la adquisición de algunas habilidades, aunque no consigue cambios en profundidad de las actitudes. Se concluye que la formación capacita al profesorado para implementar Posem el Focus, aunque se recoObjetivoEvaluar el impacto de la formación en la capacitación del profesorado para implementar Posem el Focus, una intervención socioeducativa adaptada de Lights4Violence para prevenir la violencia de género durante la adolescencia...(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the training on teacher capacity to implement Posem el Focus, a socio-educational intervention adapted from Lights4Violence to prevent the gender-based violence during adolescence. Method: Evaluation study of a training using qualitative methodology in Terrassa, 2019–2021. The socio-constructionist perspective was used to understand the impact of teacher training and its translation into educational practice. A purposive sampling of teachers (n = 32) was carried out. A descriptive-interpretative analysis of the discourses was carried out based on the written productions of the participants in the training and their answers to some open questions. An explanatory theoretical framework was developed. Results: Teachers reported acquiring concepts, developing new skills and modifying some attitudes. Teachers stated theoretical understanding of the sex-gender system, intersectionality and explicit and implicit violence. However, they reproduced gender stereotypes, did not understand the inclusive approach and pointed out not identifying implicit violence. Teachers perceived the training as useful and felt empowered to implement the intervention. No differences were identified in discursive production with respect to gender or age. Conclusions: Teacher training ensures minimum knowledge and facilitates the acquisition of some skills, although it does not achieve in-depth changes in attitudes. It is concluded that the training enables teachers to implement Posem el Focus, although it is recommended that it be reformulated.(AU)

Sexismo y violencia de pareja en adolescentes / Sexism and intimate partner violence in adolescents

Objetivo: A pesar de los esfuerzos para reducir la desigualdad de género, el sexismo persiste. Todavía son escasos los estudios sobre este fenómeno que contemplen variables como el deseo sexual o los antecedentes migratorios. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las circunstancias sociales (individuales y del contexto inmediato) asociadas al sexismo y su relación con la conducta violenta en la pareja en población adolescente. Método: Estudio transversal con 1421 estudiantes de 13 a 17 años de Alicante y Terrassa (2019-2020). El sexismo se midió mediante el Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, que valora el sexismo ambivalente, hostil y benevolente. Se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados estratificados por sexo para identificar variables asociadas al sexismo, y regresión logística para analizar la asociación del sexismo con la conducta violenta en la pareja. Resultados: La probabilidad de puntuar alto en sexismo ambivalente fue mayor en migrantes (chicas y chicos: p < 0,01) e hijos/as de migrantes (chicas: p < 0,01; chicos: p < 0,05). El deseo no heterosexual se asoció negativamente con el sexismo en chicas (benevolente: p < 0,01) y en chicos (ambivalente y hostil: p < 0,01; benevolente: p < 0,05). El sexismo hostil mostró asociación con cometer violencia de pareja, independientemente del resto de las variables, tanto en chicas (odds ratio [OR]: 1,07; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,00-1,14) como en chicos (OR: 1,11; IC95%: 1,03-1,20). Conclusiones: El sexismo está presente entre adolescentes y se confirma su relación con la conducta violenta en la pareja. El deseo sexual y los antecedentes migratorios son variables a tener en cuenta en su prevención. (AU)

Objective: Despite the efforts to reduce gender inequality, sexism persists. There are still few studies on this matter that consider variables such as sexual desire or migration background. The aim of this study is to analyse the social circumstances (individual and from the immediate context) associated with sexism as well as its relationship with intimate partner violence perpetration amongst adolescents. Method: Cross-sectional study with 1421 students aged 13–17 from Alicante and Terrassa (2019–2021). Sexism was measured with the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, which assesses ambivalent, hostile and benevolent sexism. Generalized linear models were carried out and stratified by sex to identify variables associated with sexism. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between sexism and intimate partner violence. Results: The likelihood of a high score in ambivalent sexism was higher in migrants (girls and boys: p < 0.01) and adolescents with migrant parents (girls: p < 0.01; boys: p < 0.05). Non-heterosexual desire was negatively associated with sexism in girls (benevolent: p < 0.01) and boys (ambivalent and hostile: p < 0.01; benevolent: p < 0.05). Hostile sexism showed association with intimate partner violence perpetration, independently of the rest of the adjustment variables included in the model, for both girls (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.00–1.14) and boys (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03–1.20). Conclusions: Sexism is present amongst teenagers and its relationship with intimate partner violence is confirmed. Sexual desire and migration background should be taken into account for intimate partner violence prevention. (AU)

[Sexism and intimate partner violence in adolescents]. / Sexismo y violencia de pareja en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the efforts to reduce gender inequality, sexism persists. There are still few studies on this matter that consider variables such as sexual desire or migration background. The aim of this study is to analyse the social circumstances (individual and from the immediate context) associated with sexism as well as its relationship with intimate partner violence perpetration amongst adolescents. METHOD: Cross-sectional study with 1421 students aged 13-17 from Alicante and Terrassa (2019-2021). Sexism was measured with the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, which assesses ambivalent, hostile and benevolent sexism. Generalized linear models were carried out and stratified by sex to identify variables associated with sexism. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between sexism and intimate partner violence. RESULTS: The likelihood of a high score in ambivalent sexism was higher in migrants (girls and boys: p<0.01) and adolescents with migrant parents (girls: p<0.01; boys: p<0.05). Non-heterosexual desire was negatively associated with sexism in girls (benevolent: p<0.01) and boys (ambivalent and hostile: p<0.01; benevolent: p<0.05). Hostile sexism showed association with intimate partner violence perpetration, independently of the rest of the adjustment variables included in the model, for both girls (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.00-1.14) and boys (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Sexism is present amongst teenagers and its relationship with intimate partner violence is confirmed. Sexual desire and migration background should be taken into account for intimate partner violence prevention.

La Agencia Estatal de Salud Pública: una oportunidad para el sistema de Salud Pública en España / Future National Public Health Agency: an opportunity for the public health system in Spain

La creación de un centro estatal de salud pública, con una dotación adecuada de recursos, permitirá afrontar los desafíos de la salud pública del presente y del futuro en España. Para ello, las funciones de esta futura institución, que se propone como Agencia Estatal, deben abordar, además de las necesidades habituales de organización de la salud pública, la conexión de estas con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, coordinando una estrategia estatal que integre distintos actores de salud en una red generosa y cooperativa, y desarrollando una estrategia de comunicación en salud pública innovadora, referente y priorizada, entre otros aspectos. La falta de recursos, la relativa desconexión actual de las funciones esenciales de salud pública en el ámbito estatal y la inequidad en el desarrollo autonómico y municipal de estas propician el desarrollo del proyecto de la Agencia como una red de redes, tal como se defiende en este trabajo. Aportamos ideas para un proceso que confiamos en que será decisivo para la salud pública española del siglo XXI. (AU)

The creation of a national centre for public health, with adequate resources, will make it possible to face the public health challenges of the present and the future in our country. To this end, the proposed state agency, should hold functions based on advanced public health organizational schemes, while linking with the sustainable development goals. The coordination of a national public health strategy built on a collaborative network of networks would also be essential, as developing an innovative, benchmarked and prioritised public health communication strategy, among other tasks. The lack of resources, the current relative disconnection of essential public health functions at the state level, and the inequity in their development of these functions at the regional and municipal levels, favour the development of the agency project as a network of networks. In this paper we give ideas for a process that seems decisive for Spanish public health in the 21st century. (AU)

[Future National Public Health Agency: an opportunity for the public health system in Spain]. / La Agencia Estatal de Salud Pública: una oportunidad para el sistema de Salud Pública en España.

The creation of a national centre for public health, with adequate resources, will make it possible to face the public health challenges of the present and the future in our country. To this end, the proposed state agency, should hold functions based on advanced public health organizational schemes, while linking with the sustainable development goals. The coordination of a national public health strategy built on a collaborative network of networks would also be essential, as developing an innovative, benchmarked and prioritised public health communication strategy, among other tasks. The lack of resources, the current relative disconnection of essential public health functions at the state level, and the inequity in their development of these functions at the regional and municipal levels, favour the development of the agency project as a network of networks. In this paper we give ideas for a process that seems decisive for Spanish public health in the 21st century.